CF749E Inversions After Shuffle
给出一个1~n的排列,从中等概率抽取一个连续的片段,并对其进行等概率全排列,求排列后整个序列的逆序对的期望个数.

problem

给出一个1~n的排列,从中等概率抽取一个连续的片段,并对其进行等概率全排列,求排列后整个序列的逆序对的期望个数.

solution

设所选的区间长度为l,考虑一个有序数对 ${a_i,a_j (i<j)}$ 并计算其贡献.
这样一来,就有两种情况:

  1. ${a_i,a_j}$在所选的连续段中
  2. ${a_i,a_j}$在所选的连续段之外

对于情况2,当${a_i<a_j}$时,很显然他们不会对答案有贡献.对于${a_i>a_j}$,对于区间 ${[1,j-1],[i+1,n]}$ 才会有贡献.但很显然地看到,区间 ${[i+1,j-1]}$ 被重复计算,要在计算概率时将其剪掉.如果使用 ${O(n^2)}$暴力显然会超时,可以将其用树状数组维护.

对于情况1就很简单,满足全排列概率为${\frac{1}{2}}$,满足连续段包含关系的概率为 ${2\frac{i(n-j+1)}{n*(n+1)}}$,概率相乘结果

$${P_{i,j}=\frac{i*(n-j+1)}{n*(n+1)}}$$

那么总期望为

$${P=\sum_{i=1}^n\sum_{j=i+1}^n \frac{i*(n-j+1)}{n*(n+1)}}$$

$${P=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{i=1}^n \frac{i*(n-i)(n-i+1)}{n(n+1)}}$$

code

加入操作

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inline void add (int x, int w, ll *c)
{
while (x) { c[x] += w, x &= x-1;}
}

询问操作

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inline ll query (int x, ll *c)
{
long long ret = 0;
while (x<=n) {
ret += c[x], x += lowbit(x);
}
return ret;
}

主程序

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static int main ()
{
n = read();
for (register int i = 1; i <= n; ++ i)
{
a = read();
tmp += query (a+1, c1);
ans -= (double)query(a+1, c2)*(n-i+1);
ans += (double)(n-i+1)*i*(i-1)/4.0;
add (a, 1, c1); add (a, i, c2);
}
printf ("%.20lf", (double)(tmp+ans/((double)n*(n+1)/2.0)));
return 0;
}

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